「Literature/Thought/Language」

モデルは重要だ。科学者はモデルを組み立て、検証し、修正することに多くの時間を費やす。そして、多くの論文の重要な部分はそれらの特徴を調べることに関わる。我々の議論は3つの種類のモデル（表象モデル、理論のモデル、データモデル）を区別することからはじまる。本講義の焦点は表象モデルである。これらのモデルは世界のある選択された部分や側面、つまりターゲットシステムを表す。このことは「モデルがターゲットシステムを表象するとは何を意味するのか」という問いを引き起こす。この問いに答えるために、我々は表象のDEKI説を導入する。グッドマンとエルギンによる「as表象」という概念にDEKIの起源を求めることからはじめ、その中心要素（指示、例示、Z表象とZの表象との違い）を詳しく説明する。そして、科学モデルに目を転じ、モデルが表象する仕方を説明するために必要なさらなる要素（解釈、解釈のもとでの例示、キーを通じた転嫁）を導入する。これは表象のDEKI説へ導くが、それは中心要素（指示、例示、キー・アップ、転嫁）にちなんで名付けられている。そして、将来の研究の焦点になりうるDEKI説の7つのオープンクエスチョンを議論する。

Models matter．Scientists spend substantial amounts of time building，testing and revising models，and significant parts of many journal articles are concerned with exploring their features．We begin our discussion by distinguishing between three different kinds of models: representational models，models of theory，and data models．The focus of this lecture are representational models．These models stand for a selected part or aspect of the world，their target system．This raises the question what it means for a model to represent a target system．We introduce the DEKI account of representation to answer this question．We begin by tracing the origins of the DEKI account in the notion of “representation as” due to Goodman and Elgin，and we spell out its core elements: denotation，exemplification，and the difference between a Z-representation and representation of a Z．We then turn to scientific models and introduce the additional elements that are needed to explain how models represent: interpretation，exemplification under an interpretation，and imputation via a key．This leads to the DEKI account of representation，which is named after its core elements: denotation，exemplification，keying-up，and imputation．We then discuss seven open questions for DEKI that can be the focus of future research.

‘Understanding Scientific Representation’，keynote lecture of the conference ‘Science and Model’，Hokkaido University，February 2023．

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科学哲学シンポジウム「科学とモデル」
キーノートレクチャー
開催：2023年2月22日（水）
場所：北海道大学
主催：科研費研究(基盤研究 B)「統計学的観点を加味した科学哲学による「科学的推論」教育プログラムの構築」(課題番号:20H01736)

‘Understanding Scientific Representation’，
keynote lecture of the conference ‘Science and Models’，
Hokkaido University，February 2023．

This educational material is funded by a grant-in-aid for the research project under the auspices of the Office of President，Hokkaido University.
In this lecture，we consider ethical issues in research，or research ethics. It is available to everyone for research ethics education.

As an example of how to use this material，you can watch [Research Ethics] in preparation or at the beginning of class，and then conduct a flipped class in which students discuss [Imaginary Cases] in groups.
[Problem Solving Learning in Research Ethics] explains the concept behind examining the cases. It is intended to be viewed in preparation or by the discussion facilitator to prepare for the class.

[Research Ethics]
Outline
1. Introduction
2. What is Research?
3. Ethics of Research，Ethics in Research
4. Research Ethics
5. Research Misconduct
6. Three Attitudes towards Research Ethics
7. Tests for Judgement of an Act
8. Imaginary Case
9. Conclusion
>> Lecture Materials

[Research Ethics : Imaginary Cases]
Case 1: ‘Research Methods’
Case 2: ‘An ‘Old-Fashioned’ Mentor’
Case 3: ‘Career and Funding’
Case 4: ‘Good Mentee，Bad Mentor?’
Case 5: ‘Media-savvy Intellectual?’
Case 6: ‘Troublesome Boss’
>> Lecture Materials

[Problem Solving Learning in Research Ethics]
Outline
1. Introduction
2-1. What are the Ethics Tests?
2-2. How to Use the Ethics Tests 1: Steps 1 and 2
2-3. How to Use the Ethics Tests 2: Steps 3-6 on No Paper Problem
2-4. How to Use the Ethics Tests 2: Steps 3-6 on No Money Problem
3. Conclusion
4. Summary
>> Lecture Materials